Research company tries to show that you can only understand consumer Essay

Research company tries to show that you can only understand consumer behaviour by living with their behaviour - Essay Example For this reason, a high range of research methods has been developed for helping marketers in developing the above task. In practice, it has been proved that certain of these methods are not fully effective, allowing the appearance of inaccuracies in their findings. The potential use of ethnography as a research method is explored in this paper. The ‘Project Keyhole’, a research program based on ethnography is used as an example. The project was developed by the advertising firm BMP DDB. The advantages and the limitations of ethnography are also critically examined in order to understand the reasons that led BMP DDB to choose the specific research approach. It is proved that ethnography is a quite effective research method, under the terms that the rules related to its application are respected. 2. Ethnography as a research approach for studying consumer behaviour 2.1 Importance and limitations of ethnography as a research approach Ethnography is a quite popular qualitat ive research method (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). The key characteristic of ethnography is ‘observation in natural settings’ (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). More specifically, in the context of ethnography researchers can observe the behaviour of a social group in regard to a particular social activity (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). ... The research tools used in the context of ethnography are interviews and observation (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). Haviland et al. (2010) also note that ethnography is preferred from other qualitative research approaches since it can offer valuable information on a particular culture, as the similar assumptions have been developed through fieldwork (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). As a research method, ethnography has certain requirements. The common culture of the social group under observation is the primary condition for the development of a successful research project using ethnography (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). Then, it is preferred that the social group participated in the research project is isolated (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). Isolation, as a term related to ethnography, reflects not just the lack of participation in certain social activities but also the gathering in a particular area, where the social group involved can develop its own style of life (Haviland et al. 2 010, p.12). Reference can be made, as examples, to the ‘Islands of the Pacific Ocean or the deserts of Australia’ (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). The above fact cannot lead to the assumption that ethnography cannot be used in the industrialized countries. In fact, ethnography can be used in every place where a social group, of any size but of a common culture, is established (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). A household can be a social group that could be studied using ethnography (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). From a similar point of view, Schensul and LeCompte (1999) note that the key requirement for the development of a successful research project based on ethnography is the ability of the researcher involved to identify ‘the cultural

Necessity is the mother of invention Essay Example for Free

Necessity is the mother of invention Essay Introduction Rationale This research topic necessity is the mother of invention. Evaluate this statement in relation to scientific and technological experiment. was chosen for studying in the area of informatics study. However, the research topic was seemed to be in the philosophical term to understand the basic need of technology more than the informatics subject, which deals with creating and developing of computer study. So that this topic needed past experience and historical background to be evaluated, but didnt need much in education background because the topic wasnt related to the theory or language of computer study. The topic in this area was very interested for future study because it could helps in understanding and forecasting the need of society need when developing or creating new technology or inventions which lead to the success in business. These are the fact of this chosen topic. The analysis of the research topic The research question is Necessity is the mother of invention. Evaluate this statement in relation to scientific and technological experimentation. The key words that show the content of the question are Necessity is the mother of invention. The relationship of this question is to show the relation between necessity and invention that necessity is the cause of the invention or not. The requirement of the question is to prove the relationship between necessity and invention by evaluates the statement according to scientific and technological experiment. The proposes of the thesis are to show that to what extent does necessity be the mother of invention and to evaluate according to scientific and technological experimentation. Three areas were analyzed during the study. These three areas, which are communication, industry, and medicine, were studied in the area that involve in scientific and technological experimentation. The communication was studied to understand its necessity and invention of the present. The industry was studied to analyze the situation of necessity in the economical competition,  which lead to the use of invention. The medicine was studied to show why it is very necessary to human life and what are the alternative inventions that come after. So all evidences were collected to support the thesis of the research question and its purposes that the study defends an argument on the proving of the necessity that lead to the invention. The diagram on the next page shows the structure of the analysis of the research topic. Data Collection The Research Method The research was carried out in three steps. The first step was to understand the research topic by searching for definition, background history, and general information from the source books and journal articles. Then all the information was evaluated to find out which areas are mostly involved in the research topic and range, which is the scientific and technological experimentation. The second step was the collection of data to find the relevant information. The information was analyzed according to the relevancy to the research area, the objectivity of the author, and the period spent on collecting of the data. Then third step, the limitation of the information will be analysis on the certain aspects of the topic areas of the scientific and technological experimentation. Therefore, the research will focus only the necessity and invention in the areas of scientific and technological experimentation. Most of the sources that use in the research were some kinds of business and socia l case study such as Cleft palate case in the medicine study(Singer and Bergthold, 2001, pp.2161-2230). Annotated Bibliography Cotterell, A. (1988). An overview of research and co-operation in advanced information technology. In A. Cotterell, Advanced Information Technology in the New Industrial Society (pp.1-27). New York: Oxford University Press. Written for expert manager who involve in information technology that want to find out which technologies are matched for their business  area. This chapter describe about new technologies that involves in industry and focus on future technology. The improvements of communication and computer storage are used to compare in industry area to explain how necessity are they. Also, this chapter explains the expert system in new technology to shown that new technologies have invented new ideas in the industry. Fuglsang L. (1993). The soft information technologies and its critics: the risk of wild policy making in science and technology. In L. Fuglsang, Technology and New Institution (pp.54-96). Denmark: Copenhagen. Written for computer managers that involve in information system research and development of technology in future research. These chapter focuses on what invention creates by the risks which cause when new science and technology are emerging while old are crisis. The history of technology over 50 years is used to prove that risks cause necessity to create invention of new technology. Hall, B.J. (2000). Use of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: Was invention the mother of necessity? Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(19), 2577-2578. This article has been written for doctor and hospital that involve in surgery area. This article discusses two studies regarding the use of pulmonary artery catheters in critically ill patients and the process of its future evaluation. The use of pulmonary artery catheters is necessary for the medicals and surgical intensive units (ICUs). It helps to manage critically ill patients. Singer, S., Bergthold L. (2001). Cosmetic vs. reconstructive surgery for cleft palate: A window into medical necessity debate. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(17), 2162-2203. This article has been written for doctor in plastic surgery and people who interest in cosmetic surgery. Medical necessity is a term that  used in most commercial health plan to create invention. This article is focus about plastic surgery for a cleft palate, and the debate about whether the surgery is cosmetic or reconstructive. But because of medical necessity can mean different things to different people and organization, so it could be both general meaning. Stewart, J. (1992). Technological change and industrial location. In J. Stewart, The Management of Science and Technology (pp.110-192). Denmark: The Australian National University. This book has been written for educator and manager that involve in information technology and works on the productive area of research. This chapter focus on Just-in-Time system, which is the new industry system that create by the competition in the world economic. Because of competition in the market industrial investment, the Just-in-Time system is used to because it is necessary to control cost and increase profit. Tate, A. N., Clayton B.S. Gourley K.G. (2001). Development and implementation of a managed care rotation in medical necessity review: Exposing students to new opportunities. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Education, 65(3), 261-307. The purpose of this journal is for fourth-year PHD students to design a rotation in managed care through medical necessity review. The rotation involved working with the Tennessee department of Healths TennCare Appeals Units. It shows how the impact of pharmacists can have on patients lives. They claim by using professional development experience to show the advantage of utilizing pharmacists. The Literature Review The five articles that are reviewed focus mainly on scientific and technological experiments, which separate into three major areas. These three areas are communication, industry, and medicine. The writers s attitude toward the study of information technology and science, which are  used in society, raised a very detailed discussion and neatly analysis on the proving of necessity as mother of invention. The sub-topics in each area contain important information involve in necessity of both individual and social points of view. Evidence is provided completely from all sources and can accurately be used to prove that necessity is the mother of invention as reasons and evidences. The purpose of the review is to make a clearly analysis on these six articles toward similarities and differences in their areas. The first article, an overview of research and co-operation in advanced information technology by Arthur Cotterell, mostly represents in the area of communication. In this article, he discusses that the communication is important to the future of society. Cotterell compares the different between old and new mediums of communication, which lead to the social necessity. He explained the medium clearly in details and supported by using a city named Swindon (Cotterell, 1988, p.26), which wildly use fiber optic (medium) as his evidence. The successful of the fiber optic is picked up to prove his documents. In the second article by Jenny Stewart, Technological change and industrial location, represents in industry area, which focus mainly in competition in market industry investment and scarcity of natural resource for industrial manufacturing. She points and explains the effect of competition and scarcity lead to the change of new system. The Just-In-Time (JIT) system, which is a new information system, is used to compare how efficiency it is with the old system. This system is the very successful system that helps reduce and eliminate cost, waste, and speed in production. She analyse automotive industry in Australia, which success in this system, as her evidence. The smaller, more technological advanced players, and accurate in the industry is the main point of the invention in this article. The third article, which is written by Fuglsang, in the article, he expresses the meaning specifically of how and why invention is created (Fuglsang, 1993, pp.54-96). The main point of his article is to show that when the time is running and population is increasing, they cause the old invention to become crisis and it is necessary to invent something new to replace the old. This article can be used as theory and reason to explain and clearly support all three areas of communication, industry, and  medicine. The phases of invention development are used to show the steps of scientific and technological improvement. In each phase provide the evidence of the development of invention clearly since past fifty years when a manual turning-machine was created to the automatic machine are used. He also supports his evidence by using the development of American technology. He mentions that the growing application of new technologies in society creates a need, so it is very important to studies more about technology network in political process. The forth article written by Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, they mainly represents in the area of medicine. This article focuses on medical necessity by compare the different between cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery. They support the document that medical necessity in the area of surgery is really necessity by using health plans (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, p.2162). This health plans is medical necessity standard that use permanently all over t he world. They also comment generally that social viewing among medical necessity in surgery is also included in some case. The case of a cleft palate patient is used to analysis and discusses the different between cosmetic and reconstructive case. Then they argue and support that medical necessity determinations involving the condition that proven to be especially problematic not self-desirable. The fifth article written by Jesse B. Hall, Use of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: Was invention the mother of necessity? the article show that pulmonary artery catheters is necessary to most patients that involve in heart, lung, and blood problems. He analysed this technology from 10217 patients in 34 medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) in 1998. According to Hall, the pulmonary artery is used in the case that no medicine can used to cure the sickness. He suggests that this invention still has high risk, so this is very necessary to improve this invention to help critically ill patients and the process of its future evaluation. All issues in five sources, which written by Arthur Cotterell, Jenny Stewart, Fuglsang, Jesse B. Hall and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, are considered very important to show the audience the historical and current significance of continuity about necessity as mother of invention in the term of scientific and technological experiment. This is because when the old  invention is considered as the necessity for the future improvement, the continuing improvement to the new invention will be created. Arthur Cotterell writes about the use of communication medium during the past 10 years until the use of new medium today (Cotterell, 1988, p.26). His examples of twisted pair and fiber optic cable show the fact that the why the increase of performance of new medium are used by the change in society. It shows the audience clearly the distance between time in the past and present of social necessity. This article also talks about the rapidly increases of necessity which lead to the improvem ent of new medium in the future continuously. In the issue of Jenny Stewart and Fuglsang have the similar area in the industry that also express the same meaning of need in the industry. Jenny Stewart shows the change in industry system by using automotive industry in Australia since 1990 (Stewart, 1992, p.124). Fuglsang shows the rationalization phase (Fuglsang, 1993, p.56), which is one of 4, phases in technological invention development. This phase analyses from the past 50 years of the development. Both Jenny Stewart and Fuglsangs article shows the change in the industry, which involves in commercial interests and competition. This article helps to show the link between competition and tutorial in the industry, which leads to the use of the new invention. In the rest of the issues from Jesse B. Hall, and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold are involved in medicine area that involve in the surgery. Jesse B. Hall talks about the result of the use of pulmonary artery catheter (Hall, 2000, pp.2577-2578). This result shows the need of cosmetic surgery among the people who have problem of the natural disable of the body and also explain the use of the invention to help solve the problem. Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold article also help to shows that since from the past the meaning of medical necessity is mean only reconstruction to the normal state of patients. Both issues from Jesse B. Hall, and Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold come form the different medical case but they have similar thesis, which are medical necessity that lead to the invention of new medical invention. All the writers come from the different areas but they have the same meaning of their issues that the continuing of the time lead to the increase of need of invention in both new and improvement. So that their issues are strongly support the statement that necessity creates the invention in the part of science and technological experimentation. There are three articles which surely are the objective of the writers when they present research their research results and evidence to support their arguments because these articles provide complete information and details of the document. The first article, which is objective, by Arthur Cotterell supports and expresses the meaning of his argument clearly by using the complete examples and information of communication mediums (Cotterell, 1988, pp.1-27). He shows the detail number of capacity, speed, range, and material made in each medium sample clearly. He also compares the different in each medium by mathematical calculation. This helps audience to easily understand the different even technical term. The second article, which is objective, from Fuglsang is objective because he has the acknowledgment from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States (Fuglsang, 1993, pp.54-96). His article and support evidences come from the case studies in Denmark, US, and Sweden. Th ey are emphasis and detail clearly on the influence of culture, organizational choices and institutional concerns through research. The third article, which is objective, from Jenny Stewart is objective because her argument and sources come from the federalism research centre (Stewart, 1992, pp.110-192). She provides the information clearly in the example of automotive industry in Australia in percentage of profit, time, competitor, and increase of product output. The other two articles from Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, and Jesse B. Hall are not objective because they provide the information too general. It is general because the information they provide is not specific in number of result from the succession in medical treatment. Both of them show only the result from the invention by using only reasons, causes and effects after treatment (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, 2162-2203). This is because most of the article is the summary of the result of the cleft palate research, so that they just mention about the need and future development, which result from the succession of cleft palate surgery. Although they dont provide completely information, the area that they work is in medicine area, which concentrates only the result of necessity. So that their article can express their main ideas easy and clearly understand by using reason, cause, and effect documents. By compare all the articles which each others, the information that provided by the authors are enough to support the necessity of  invention by using their specific details and information, research, reasons, causes, and effects. Their sources are considered as essential in comparative and explaining the necessity as mother of information in scientific and technological experiment. The interpretation of data is clearly in all five sources because all data can be analyse to evaluate the need of the research topic in relation to scientific and technological experiment easily. The relationship between the necessity and the invention is linked in clearly understand. There are three different ways in their interpretation of data. The first way is represented by the article of Arthur Cotterell. He interprets his information by explain the detail of old communication medium and new communication medium in technical term and estimated calculation of speed, capacity, and range. For example, he explains that twisted-pair could carry 10Khz but if compare with fiber optic (Cotterell, 1988, p.26), fiber optic is faster than twisted-pair million times. He also clarifies the use of fiber optic that it uses in linking between two or more networks and twisted-pair uses in local phone line. The second way is represented by Fuglsang and Jenny Stewart. They interpret their sources by using the result of the time in the industrial development. They show the change and need since from the past and result of it in the present. The time between standardization and rationalization is used by the author to show the relation of the improvement of the invention from first creation to the first development (Fuglsang, 1993, 56-56). The third way is represented by Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, and Jesse B. Hall. They interpret their sources by using the result of their information, which is the specific in medication. They summarize the result of medication from the patient and use it to support their argument. The research result of the patient in a cleft palate case is used to analysis the term of medical necessity in the surgery area of medicine. The result after the surgery is used to compare that the surgery is reconstructive surgery not cosmetic surgery. In comparison of all the writers, they interpret all data clearly. All the data are separated into three areas, which Arthur Cotterell is in communication area, Fuglsang and Jenny Stewart are in Industry area, and Singer S. and Linda Bergthold, and Hall are in medicine area. There interpretation of data can support each others and express their  understanding in analyse that necessity as mother of invention clearly. There are three articles that are conducted the research thoroughly in order to prove the points by the writers. The complete research could help the claim of research topic to become more strong and reliable without being counter by other argument. Arthur Cotterell, Singer S. and Linda Bergthold, and Jenny Stewart are the writers who do their research thoroughly. Arthur Cotterell researches neatly on the information system research, which express all the meaning, material used, quality, and performance of each medium between communications clearly (Cotterell, 1988, p.15-27). He use a city name Swindon to do his research. This city is widely use in fiber optic and coaxial cable to link between communication which mean that it is a very efficiency sources to use on communication research. Singer S. and Linda Bergthold research on the medical necessity on surgery course. They use a patient who was born with cleft palate problem as their research (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, pp.2162-218 0). They clearly research on the result before and after that patient take the surgery. They also research on the health plan of the medical standard and analyse it with medical theory as the reconstructive medication. Jenny Stewart researches on the Australia industry. She finds out that the reasons of necessity in industry come from the competition, which lead to the need of more flexible, fast, and efficiency technology(Stewart, 1992, p.124-192). This led her to find out the new system, Just-in-Time system, and research it on the Australia automotive industry. She has the result of how efficiency and profitability it is. The other sources from Fuglsang and Jesse B. Hall are not researched thoroughly because they get the information from general source directly without fully detail. Fuglsang picks up the history to speak to support the argument but the detail on his suggestion seem not clear on details and analysis. From Arthur Cotterell, Singer S., and Linda Bergthold, and Jenny Stewart research, they are very to understand their point of view from their research and directly connect audience to the understanding. The clearly details and information of their research link their ideas to the necessity as mother of invention in the scientific and technological experiment. From five sources, there are four sources that provide practical and  realistic suggestion by the writers. The practical and realistic of suggestion can help the article to become more clear and ease of understanding. First is Jenney Stewart, she suggests that future of the industry needs smaller, more technological advanced players, and accuracy (Stewart, 1992, p.125). The writer suggestion shows that her study is very important to the use of technology for the future use. Her suggestion is proved by her comparative of old technology and new technology that show the change of size, quality, quantity, and speed. Second is Arthur Cotterell, he suggested that by the help of computer-aided design would help to avoid a lot of tentative material cutting. The writer suggestion shows that his study is very important for the industry to increase their performance of the system. This is very useful in showing the relationship between necessity and invention. Third is Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, they suggest that cosmetic or treatments intended primarily to improve appearance is exclude in medical necessity standard (Singer and Bergthold, 2001, p.2162). The writers suggestions are used for people to understand that the purpose of surgery is different in some case because some case could count as personal desirable such as cosmetic. This shows the relation between medical necessity and invention clearly. They support their suggestion by evaluate the cleft palate in the medical necessity term and health plans. Forth is Fuglsang, he suggests that the growing application of new technologies in society creates a need to assign a more offensive and organized role to technology studies networks in the political process. This suggestion shows that his detail on study is very important for who is interested in technological development. The writer proves his suggestion by evaluate and show the need over past 50 years of the development of information and communication technologies in four phases (Fuglsang, 1993, p.55-58). From all the suggestion of all writers could help the audience to know what are the main interests in on the articles of the writers, which are very useful. There is no surely use of expert opinion from all the writers. They havent pick up any expert opinion but they adapt to use another people and place from other sources as their expert opinion. The expert opinion on the article of Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold is not mentioned clearly. They  use the term physician as their expert opinion to help support their argument in consider appropriate medication for a patient, such as treatment intended primarily to improve appearance. As same as Sara Singer and Linda Bergthold, Jenny Stewart doesnt use expert opinion but she uses other opinion, Lamming (1998), who is one from her source. Lamming talks about the industry remaining effectively in stress period. This opinion helps audience understand the best period of industry development. In the article of Fuglsang L., this writer use Sloth Andersen and Slavo Radosevic, who are not mention clearly who are they, as the expert opinion. They talk about an innovation forum, which help to support the writer about the change of technology during a century so that the view of technological change would be see as the important to the new invention. The rest of the writers do not have any expert opinion to support their argument. But in the case of their writing, the support of expert opinion is not important because the evidences and examples are enough to call as expert opinion in the case of science and technological experiment. In conclusion, all of the five articles are clearly review, analyse, and can be reliable. All the sources talks in the areas of communication, industry, and medicine by using variety of evidence and alternative ways of using expert opinion. The objectivity of each writers are confirm in all sources and the interpretation are very clear. The thoroughness of treatment of the subject matter could confidentially be used from the analysis. Each suggestion from all writers are mentioned mostly point to the future use and analysis. For further research the study of more variety of necessity in creating invention must be more research and study to express their meaning widely in different area. This could help to look and analysis more widely in today and future development of invention. But the main point of all reviews is to find out the best ways to the result of successful future. The Limitations of research This research limited by certain factors. The research was limited by some limitations of the topic. The personal factor was caused by the research topic is not directly related to the past experience and educational  background but mostly related to the philosophical area which is not computer study. This caused the lack of some specific or direct information that could help analyze the topic more efficiency. Another reason is the topic question is some kind of question that can answer in two ways that people could agree and disagree depends one the personal opinion so that the degree of the answer to the question is not strong enough. This caused some part of the argument easy to be counter by some situation in both side of agree and disagree. The suggestions for future study The problems of limitation of research need some suggestions to be made for future study. Firstly to solve the problem of lacking in specific education background, this research needs the specific education of philosophy and psychology to help provide more specific and strong supported information for the term of human necessity. This can help to improve the supported argument of the essay to become more reliable. This future study can do by focus on the continuous of inventions in each area in term of psychology, which will be very helpful in this research. The research doesnt need to find out the started point or the first creation of the invention because this essay was only focusing in present invention. Second future study is by searching more support from the expert opinion to help solve the limitation of unstable argument due to the meaning of research topic, which is too wide in general. The more researched findings of supported expert opinions can strongly help to support the argument and make the research become more reliable. This could be done by focus on the expert opinions that involve in the succession in each area of industry, medicine, and communication. The success of expert opinions is more reliable and couldnt be counter by other argument easily. In conclusion, if all suggestions of future study are completely finished the research will not have any blank spaces to be counter by other counter argument.

A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay -- essays research papers

You are sitting in your living room at home watching the nightly news. The lead story for the night is about a family of four that were murdered. After seeing and hearing about something like that we often ask ourselves, What could possess a person enough to kill another human being? What is it that drives a person to kill? Will we ever know? Many authors use this unique mentality in short stories. They write about what the killer thinks and how he/she acts on his/her thoughts. One of these stories is â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find†, by Flannery O’Connor. In this story O’Connor’s victim, The Misfit, is an escaped convict. He was in the Federal Penitentiary for killing his father. Throughout the story O’Connor builds up this killers mentality through his words and body language. Like many other murderers, The Misfit could not distinguish the difference between fantasy and reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When The Misfit first comes in contact with the family he immediately becomes nervous. He looks at the grandmother and says, â€Å"Would you mind calling them children to sit down by you? Children make me nervous† (O’Connor 687). The Misfit shows that he is obviously not comfortable being with or around children. The Misfit continues to watch all of the family members, like a hawk eyeing up his prey. The reality of the situation is that the children are very scared of The Misfit, and in no physical way could they harm him. The Misfit’s fantasy or conscience tells him that the children will do something wrong if he doesn’t watch them carefully. His thoughts of fantasy take over and the children huddle around their grandmother, shaking with fear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just moments after his first interaction with the family, the grandmother said something that The Misfit did not like. She recognized his face and said, â€Å"You’re The Misfit! I recognized you at once!† (O’Connor 687). The Misfit then replied, â€Å"Yes’m, †¦ but it would have been better for all of you lady, if you hadn’t of recognized me† (O’Connor 687). The grandmother had clearly identified him as a fugitive from the law. Since The Misfit recently escaped from jail, he didn’t want anyone to know his true identity. Since the grandmother and the rest of the family knew who this mystery man was, The Misfit immediately considered all of them to be a threat. He makes this assumption without conside... ...instantly. This was an innocent family murdered by a psychopath on the prowl, adding more to his death toll.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of the quotations provide evidence showing that The Misfit is a very confused and disturbed individual. The majority of his thoughts are based on a fantasy point of view. He overlooks the reality of situations and because of these thoughts he becomes a threat to society. This fantasy life makes The Misfit stressed, angry and very agitated. All of these violent emotions contribute to The Misfits killer mentality and his lack of mercy. He could not remember or understand why he was sent to the penitentiary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O’Connor does a great job in developing The Misfit character. She adds interesting statements about The Misfit throughout the story, slowly revealing the killer’s personality. Picturing this killer can be stretched out by the human imagination. Does The Misfit look like a killer? Does he appear to be like a normal human being? These are a few questions we ask ourselves. We may never know why killers exist, or why they do what they do, but we do know that the mind of a killer is a mind we will never figure out.

Technology Infrastructure

The question is rather vague so not sure what other devices they loud want to share between the computers that are networked in this scenario. An enterprise level company wishes to set up a network to support several hundred business users as well as manufacturing equipment in a new building. Describe what network device or devices you would recommend they purchase and explain why. Note, you are not required to detail the media or topology utilized, but thinking about these will help you to choose and Justify your device choices.I would suggest the purchase of a rack system with two servers on large server to handle the few endured computers and users and the other to handle the manufacturing equipment. This would give them choices for backups and file sharing between one another. The servers would also help on reducing file and program redundancy among the systems. A few hundred workstations will need to be purchased as well along with any software that will be needed for daily work .I would also install a wireless feature so that the board rooms could have easier setups for laptops and meeting needs. File and print servers are typically combined on one server and perform as part of the network operating system. File and printer servers manage the storage of data and the various printers on the network. These servers regulate and monitor access to these resources. A few popular file and print servers Include: ;Microsoft Windows Server 2008 (Qualifying nonprofits can request Windows Server 2008 from Teachers Stock for a $40 administration fee. ;Mac SO X Server ;Redhead Linux Server ;Bunt Server Edition While Windows 2000 and XP operating systems have built-in file and print-server functionality, the server version of the SO gives you increased security as well as the ability to expand your network. Also, if your network consists of machines running on different platforms, you might want to investigate Samba, a free, open-source software solution that allows user s to share files among computers running Windows, Unix, and Mac. Groupware servers commonly incorporate different tools for helping users scheduling; and other operations.When used to manage email, groupware servers manage both local (within your network) and global (Internet-wide) electronic messaging. There are many examples of groupware servers, but some of the popular ones include: Microsoft Exchange Server (Qualifying nonprofits can request Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 from Teachers Stock for a $280 administration fee. ) ;Maillots Fusion In addition to the options listed above, many Linux SO distributions -? including the aforementioned Bunt -? have built-in groupware functionality. An analog value of intensity to produce the desired brightness at that point on the screen.Further, as the beam scans, the analog value changes. The video image, then, can be viewed as a time-varying analog signal. While many groupware servers offer the capability to serve an email listserv or mas s mail distribution, there are some servers that handle these tasks exclusively. Here are a few to look at: ;LISTSERV ;Lyrics ;Arrow Mailing List Server ;Mailman Also, a number of free Web-based services -? including Google Groups, Yahoo Groups, and Nonporous -? will allow your organization to set up a mass email distribution list free of charge.Setting up a network of four computer systems in my house two are up stairs and two are down stairs. I am doing this with a Links router and Ethernet cable run down through the walls of my house into each room that will have a computer networked. I am using the standard on board Ethernet connections' found on each computer; the upstairs office computer will be the one with the router that feeds off to the other three. All of these will be networked through a home server and will have a tape and hard drive backup so that documents and pictures can be saved and restored when needed.Each computer is running Microsoft Windows 7 Home and will hav e different permissions set on two of the four systems. Wireless DSL modem will be on the same computer as the router and the DSL modem will be run through the router o as to give all four systems the DDCD internet connection. I don't really need a separate router because I can use the DSL modem as a router to since it is a router as well as a modem and can except up to four network connects .Though I like to have the added security of using a standalone router which adds layers, it acts as double protection from the outside coming in. Parental settings will be applied to the one the kids will be using along with a strong firewall and antivirus program. The Ethernet cable has a barrier that shields it from interferences from outside signals ND noise though I will be adding some added protection by running the cable inside be ran the same way to ensure that the risk of interference with signal and transfer will be reduced.Identifying all network devices utilized and explain the purpo se of each in the network we have the DSL modem/router which not only provides the internet connection but also helps to network the systems. Then we have the router which Just adds a layer of security to the network and data. I am also adding a wireless printer so that all four computers will have access to print if the need arises. 13TH Technology Infrastructure unit 6 This depends on whether they have a wireless router or wired, if they have a wireless router then some internet ready televisions have wireless ability.Either way would work though running an Ethernet cable from the router into the back of the television would give the internet connect that is needed. Looking at the Viii (Voice over ‘P) I would suggest Peonage as the service carrier for phone. The phone adapter and software needed for the Viii is normally included with the purchase of Peonage A few popular file and print servers include: collaborate, including email; managing calendars and contacts; group meet ing Setting up a network of four computer systems in my house two are up stairs and two are down stairs.I am doing this with a Links router and Ethernet cable run down through the walls of my house into each room that will have a computer networked. I am using the standard on board Ethernet connections' found on each computer; the upstairs office computer will be the one with the router that feeds off to the other three. All of these will be networked through a home server and will have a tape and hard drive backup so that documents and pictures can be saved and restored when needed. Each computer is running Microsoft Windows 7 Home and will have different permissions set on two of the four systems.Wireless DSL modem will be on the same computer as the router and the DSL modem will be run through the router so as to give all four systems the DDCD internet connection. I don't really need a separate router because I can use the DSL modem as a router to since it is a router as well as a modem and can except up to four network connects . Though I like to have the added security of using a standalone router which adds layers, it acts as double protection from the outside coming in. Parental settings will be applied to a % inch PVC pipe within the walls.

Health and Health Promotion Essay

A traditional approach to health care in general is one in which the goal of intervention is disease management in an attempt to minimize the harmful effects of a health crisis. Once a health crisis occurs, the quality of life for an individual is already negatively impacted. Therefore, health promotion is an equally, if not more important, component of health care that aims to improve the quality of life. Through the primary prevention efforts of health promotion, emphasis on avoiding disease and adopting a healthy lifestyle offers the greatest opportunity for a healthy and fulfilling life. As primary care givers, nurses play an important role in health promotion by demonstrating proper attitudes and behavior modeling, by providing valuable patient education and by advocating for and empowering patients and their families. There are numerous nursing theories which provide a framework for nurses to employ health promoting strategies in their practice. Defining Health and Health Promo tion One of the most widely used definitions of health is that of the World Health Organization (WHO): â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.† Since the publishing of the WHO definition, changes in population demographics, the aging of society, and the changing nature of disease have caused researchers to question the relevance of this definition in today’s world. One criticism is that the concept of complete health disregards those with chronic illnesses who can learn to live fulfilling lives (Huber et. al, 2011). According to O’Donnell (2009) health is not a constant  state, but a state that continually evolves with life circumstances. Regardless, health isclearly a complex state that exists both to, and apart from, its relationship to illness. Health promotion is a process that benefits both the individual and society. The essence of health promotion is the preservation of health. Caring for the sick is a reactive intervention to health care issues whereas health promotion is a proactive strategy for prevention. An important step necessary to shift the momentum of healthcare to a proactive role is making the public aware of how they can actively participate in managing and improving their own health. As noted by Jadelhack (2012), â€Å"Health promotion is carried out by and with people, not on or to people† (p. 85). Education is a key factor in this step, as well as providing people with the resources needed to live out strategies for a healthy lifestyle. Improved health reduces healthcare costs and improves the overall quality of life. The Role of Nursing Theory Nursing theory and nursing practice are interrelated processes, and neither one holds value without the other. Theories unapplied are speculative, and practice without purpose is ineffective. To adequately participate in health promotion strategies, nurses must understand the basis for, and the goal of, their practice. Two theories that demonstrate health promotion are Neuman’s Systems Model and Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing. Both models provide a solid framework for nurses to develop and employ health promotion strategies when caring for their patients. In the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), application of these theories can contribute to the health status of both infants and their families. These theories complement each other in the process of the developmental care practices that are found to be an essential component of health promotion in this unique patient population. Two Theories Betty Neuman’s System model focuses on how patients respond to environmental stressors, and on how nurses can help maintain wellness through the use of prevention strategies aimed at attaining, maintaining, or retaining what Neuman’s model refers to as patient system wellness. According to this theory, patients are multidimensional beings, having a physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, spiritual and developmental element.  Maintaining stability in all these elements is necessary for preserving the state of wellness. The internal environment, the external environment, and the created environment can both positively or negatively affect wellness. Neuman proposes that illness and death are the results of environmental stressors that deplete the patient’s energy resources needed to maintain a state of health. It would stand to reason then, if stressors are reduced or eliminated, less energy would be consumed and could be available for the process of health maintenance. Similarly, Sister CallistaRoy’s Adaptation Model addresses the interaction between an individual and their environment. This model considers an individual’s ability to adapt to a changing environment. According to Roy, adaptation involves how a person views themselves, their role in a situation, interdependence, and meeting physiological needs. Two important processes in the adaptation theory include an automatic physiological response and a coping mechanism which facilitate the adaptive process. Practical Application Both Neuman’s and Roy’s theories are applicable in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), a highly specialized area of nursing that cares for one of the most vulnerable patient populations; the preterm and critically ill infant. Both theories focus on the patient and their environment. The very nature of the NICU environment can negatively affect the infant who is already struggling with an imbalance in their internal environments. Immature physiological, structural, and neurological systems are not prepared to handle the external world outside the womb. Using Newman’s model, nursing practices aimed at reducing stress from the external environment and those facilitating stability within the internal environment of the infant are key to optimizing outcomes for the at-risk premature infant. The practice of developmentally supportive care evolved from the realization that preterm infants are not only affected by the external environment of the NICU, but are also a ctive members responding to their environment and caregivers (Gibbins et. al, 2008). Core measures for developmentally supportive care include protected sleep, pain and stress assessment and management, developmental activities of daily living, family-centered care and a healing environment are identified as health promotion interventions for the NICU patient (Coughlin, Gibbins, & Hoath,  2009). Practices such as cycled lighting, low noise levels, facilitated handling, and kangaroo care are measures which help reduce the negative effects of the NICU environment, stabilize the internal environment of the infant, and promote positive human relationships. The principles of Roy’s Adaptation Model can be applied to the process of family-centered care as it relates to a parent’s ability to adapt to the unexpected delivery of a premature infant. This unexpected event interferes with the psychosocial adaptation of the family, complicating transition to parenthood and the incorporation of a new child into the family system (Zimmerman & Bauersachs, 2012). Allowing parents to be active participants in their infant’s care is a key factor toward promoting emotional, psychological, and physical health of the members in the family unit. Barriers to Health Promotion Because of the unique environment of the NICU, barriers to health promotion activities through developmental and family-centered care efforts lie in family, health care provider and institutional challenges rather than in the NICU patient themselves. Problems with inadequate resources, insufficient staffing, and a lack of education and support for both nursing and parents often impede these efforts (Bamm & Rosenbaum, 2008). Interventions used in the stabilization of infants and competition for resources often draw nurses toward task oriented care, pushing parents to the â€Å"periphery of the NICU environment† (Galarza-Winton et. al., 2013). Fear, insecurity, and powerlessness are barriers for parents that can be abated by developing strong nurse-parent relationships based on mutual respect and trust, and through the promotion of family-centered care. Successful health promotion through developmental care practices are evidenced by parental bonding and confidence in caregiving as well as improved weight gain, earlier discharge, and improved developmental outcomes for infants. Conclusion Despite advances in health care, health care costs continue to rise. In 2006, costs in the U.S. exceeded two trillion dollars, with three-fourths of that money used to treat chronic diseases (Goetzel, 2009). Smoking, alcohol and drug use, obesity, inactivity, poor quality nutrition, and limited access to health care are all examples of modifiable risk factors that contribute to illness and chronic disease. Poor health reduces the general  quality of life and places a burden on individuals, families, and societies. Strategies for health promotion must be developed at many levels including the community, healthcare providers and the government. The aim of health promotion is empowering people to take responsibility for their health, as well as providing them with adequate preventative care. As Benjamin Franklin once noted â€Å"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.† References Bamm, E., & Rosenbaum, P. (2008). Family-centered theory: Origins, development, barriers, and supports to implementation in rehabilitation medicine. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(8), 1618-1624. http://dx.doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.034 Betty Neuman’s System Model. (2012). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Neuman.html Coughlin, M., Gibbins, S., & Hoath, S. (2009). Core measures for developmentally supportive care in neonatal intensive care units: theory, precedence and practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(10), 2239-2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.0502.x Galarza-Winton, M., Dicky, T., O’Leary, L., Lee, S. K., & O’Brien, K. (2013). Implementing family-integrated care in the NICU: Educating nurses. Advances in Neonatal Care, 13(5), 335-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ANC.0b013e3182a14cde Gibbins, S., Hoath, S., Coughin, M., Gibbins, A., & Franck, L. (2008). The universe of de velopmental care: a new conceptual model for application in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Advances in Neonatal Care, 8(3), 141-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ANC.0000324337.01970.76 Goetzel, R. A. (2009). Do prevention or treatment services save money? The wrong debate. Health Affairs, 28 (1), 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.37 Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., Van der Horst, H., Jadad, A. R., Kromhaut, D., †¦ Smid, H. (2011, ). How should we define health? British Journal of Medicine, 343 (6). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4163 Jadelhack, R. (2012). Health promotion in nursing and cost-effectiveness. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 19(2), 65-68. Retrieved from http://searchebscohost.com/login.aspx.?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=2011602897&site=nrc=perc Roy’s Adaptation Model. (2013). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Modelhttp://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Roy_adaptation_model.html The electric Ben Franklin: A quick biography of Benjamin Franklin. (n. d.). Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.ushistory.org/FRANKLIN/info/ World Health Organization. (1948). Official Records of the World Health Organization. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://who.int/about/definition/en/print.html Zimmerman, K., & Bauersachs, C. (2012). Empowering NICU parents. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 27(1), 51-53. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced?sid=6bc9fd5c-0677-4c08-9ea1-16196308d26b%40sessionmgr4001&vid=4&hid=4214&bquery=TI+(empowering+nicu+parents)&bdata=JmRiPWM4aCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl